The summertime blues are nowhere to be seen. Share and bond prices are advancing, and oil and commodity prices are ebbing to help take the edge off inflationary concerns and permit markets to convince themselves that central banks are planning a policy pivot, in the form of interest rate cuts, sometime in 2023.

This all seems at odds with a world where inflation still stands at 40-year highs, economic data is softening quickly, consumer confidence is flat on its back, companies are flagging margin pressure, governments’ scope to provide fiscal support is limited owing their impecunious state and geopolitical tensions remain elevated in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South-East Asia.

Bulls will counter these are no longer new ‘news’ items as they dominate the media every day. Bears will assert summer’s surge is no more than a classic bear-market rally, a trap waiting to spring shut on the unwary, especially as the farrago involving Bed Bath and Beyond (BBBY:NASDAQ), the launch of a leveraged, single-stock exchange-traded fund that tracks the share price of Tesla (TSLA:NASDAQ) and a renewed surge in meme stocks such as AMC (AMC:NASDAQ) do not feel like the sort of activity that usually calls a market bottom.

Regular readers will know this column has five tried-and-trusted ways of testing market sentiment. Intriguingly, all of them look delicately poised right now so they could prove a useful guide to where markets go during the autumn and beyond.

Famous five

1. Copper. The industrial metal is so called because its malleability, ductility and use in everything from cars to housing to domestic appliances make it a great barometer for global economic health. Copper’s one-third plunge to barely $7,000 a tonne from north of $10,000 this summer fits with the view that a recession is coming but the metal is now back above $8,000. Further gains would help to reaffirm investors’ faith in the equity market rally, while further weakness would raise fears of an economic slowdown and a recession, or even stagflation.

2. Small caps. Market minnows are an excellent indicator of risk appetite – they tend to outperform when investors are bullish and fall faster than the broader market when they are bearish. The UK’s FTSE Small Cap and AIM indices are among the worst performing global indices in 2022 and America’s Russell 2000 is still in bear market territory, even after a one-fifth gain from its June nadir.

3. The transportation indices. The old theory goes that if the transports are not performing, the industrials cannot do so either, as if nothing is being shipped, nothing is being sold. It may therefore be of some relief to bulls that America’s Dow Jones Transports index is 14% above its lows and trying to steam higher but if that benchmark starts to sink again then there could be trouble ahead.

4. Junk bonds. High-yield bonds lie at the riskier end of the fixed-income spectrum as their more pejorative name of ‘junk’ bonds would suggest. The issuers have creaky balance sheets, volatile cash flows or both, and they need to pay a higher coupon as a result to attract buyers of the paper. They can trade a bit like equity, such is their risk profile, so bulls of stock markets will want to see the US-listed iShares iBoxx High Yield Corporate Bond ETF (HYG:NYSE) performing well. The bad news is the tracker fund is trading below the $80 level. Prior dives below that threshold signalled wider market volatility in 2008, 2015, 2020 and early 2022 so a recovery here is a matter of some urgency.

5. Volatility can be the friend of the investor – it can provide chances to sell stock expensively or buy it cheaply – but history shows that stock indices progress best when they make serene progress and a series of modest gains, and tend to fare less well when trading is choppy and there are big swings up and down. America’s VIX, the so-called ‘fear index,’ stands just above its lifetime average of 19. That suggests sentiment is still bullish, especially as the reading is creeping down, and fits neatly with the advances in copper, small caps and transport stocks. However, junk bonds’ struggles may suggest that something could yet test the latest risk-asset rally. After all, markets are often at their most dangerous just when making money looks easiest.

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