The considerable amount of noise in the markets means investors may struggle to get a grip on the different factors which might influence share prices in the near-term.

To help you better understand the key issues, we’ve rounded up six areas which could have a significant impact on markets for the rest of the year and into 2023.

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1. WHAT NEW PRIME MINISTER LIZ TRUSS MEANS FOR UK STOCKS AND STERLING

The tenure of Liz Truss in Number 10 started with a solution to the energy crisis. Businesses and consumers had been starved of certainty for weeks as the Conservative leadership crisis rumbled on, so immediate action was necessary when she took over from Boris Johnson.

Unfortunately, any further policy moves were then put on hiatus by a period of mourning after the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

News of an energy price freeze and support for businesses ahead of this momentous event was very welcome – even if reportedly companies might have wait until November to take advantage of the £150 billion support scheme.

The measures announced, including capping average household energy prices at £2,500, could take as much as 5% off peak levels of inflation according to the Centre for Economics and Business Research.

The key winner in sector terms so far is energy. Truss stuck to her guns on no additional windfall taxes to fund her energy package and announced plans to release more licences in the North Sea and withdraw the moratorium on fracking for shale gas.

Renewable energy producers could also breathe a sigh of relief on a windfall tax, though they still face a nervous wait to see if, as has been widely speculated, they might have to accept long-term contracts at fixed prices below current market levels.

A goal of being a low-tax economy fits with the new prime minister’s apparent commitment to ‘Laffer curve’ economics – which works on the hypothesis that cutting taxes encourages growth and therefore increases total tax revenue.

Truss’ decision not to wage an additional levy on the energy space has implications for sterling, particularly given her commitment to tax cuts. This is likely to result in a significant increase in government borrowing.

Another area to watch closely is the new Government’s commitment to the independence of the Bank of England. Any hint there might be political interference in the central bank’s decision making would be taken negatively on the currency markets.

Head of UK equities at Lazard Asset Management Alan Custis commented: ‘The new Government faces significant economic challenges and it must act quickly to address them. It must demonstrate financial responsibility to prevent sterling continuing to slide and can do this by maintaining the independence of the Bank of England. Otherwise interest rates risk becoming once again a political tool.’

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2. HOW HIGH MIGHT INTEREST RATES RISE IN THE US AND UK?

The prevalent investment narrative over the summer was that hawkish US central bank policy was a price worth paying to bring inflation down, despite the risk it would cause a recession.

Investors recognised the Federal Reserve had to regain the initiative and talk tough on rates. But there was a heated debate about how far the central bank would go amid signs of slowing economic growth.

That narrative was all but abandoned on 13 September with the release of August’s US consumer price inflation data.

While year-on-year headline inflation cooled to 8.3%, it didn’t slow as fast as expected while the Fed’s preferred ‘core’ measure increased by 0.6% month-on-month, double the market forecast.

US stock markets registered their biggest one-day drop since the start of the pandemic. Meanwhile, US Treasury yields moved higher (and prices lower) with two-year yields moving above 3.8%, levels not seen since 2007.

The front end of the yield curve (short-dated bonds) jumped more than the long end, increasing the two-year/10-year yield inversion.

When two-year yields are above 10-year yields the curve is described as inverted which signals a heightened risk of recession.

Implied inflation expectations derived from the pricing of fixed income markets had been falling despite hawkish comments from the Fed.

This might seem odd, but remember markets are forward looking and the Fed can therefore influence the bond markets by broadcasting its intentions.

Both two and 10-year bond yields had backed-off from the year’s highs before the latest inflation print.

Either the bond market believes the Fed will hike aggressively and successfully bring inflation down, or it believes the Fed is making a policy error.

One strategist in the latter camp is Jonathan Golub at Credit Suisse who said in a Bloomberg interview that the Fed is at risk of tightening policy too aggressively.

Golub points to signals in the US Treasury market where the one-year breakeven inflation rate is trading below 2%.

The measure is based on the difference between nominal yields and inflation-protected yields for the same maturities.

Golub asked, ‘Why would the Fed unnecessarily drive us into recession, kill several million American jobs if in fact inflation is heading in the right direction?’

The latest inflation data has thrown the cat among the pigeons and leaves investors questioning whether inflation can fall fast enough to prevent an even more aggressive policy response.

It is now widely believed the Fed will push up interest rates to at least 4% by the end of 2022, its highest level since 2005. The central bank was scheduled to have issued its latest rate decision and new economic projections as this edition of Shares was being finalised.

UK interest rates are also expected to keep rising given that inflation remains high. The Bank of England publishes its latest policy decision today (22 September) and the consensus forecast is for rates to move from 1.75% to 2.25%. Market experts believe the UK rate could hit 4% by May 2023.

These rate hikes have major implications for consumers and businesses, principally a higher cost of borrowing and therefore less money left over to spend. [MGam]

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3. WHY ANALYSTS COULD BE TOO OPTIMISTIC ABOUT EARNINGS

Given a difficult macro-economic backdrop and the current squeeze on consumer spending, are analysts taking too sunny a view about earnings for both 2022 and 2023?

Morgan Stanley certainly appears to think so, arguing that consensus estimates for European earnings per share growth of 7% and 9% (stripping out the impact of the more volatile commodity sectors) are ‘far too optimistic’.

According to US-based investment consultancy Yardeni Research, quoting figures from Refinitiv, average consensus earnings growth forecasts for constituents of the MSCI USA index stood at 8% for both 2022 and 2023 as of the beginning of September. And that’s even after those forecasts had been trending down for several months.

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As a very crude point of comparison the International Monetary Fund’s latest forecast, published in July, anticipates GDP growth in advanced economies of just 2.5% and 1.4% for 2022 and 2023 respectively.

You can see why analysts might have been caught out by an extraordinary set of circumstances, not least the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the wide variety of implications that has had, but also the Covid situation in China and the resulting impact on global supply chains. There are so many moving parts to consider that it would be difficult to keep up with all of them.

You can also understand why there is some healthy scepticism about such high levels of forecast growth. Though financial results to date, including the second quarter earnings season, have revealed a degree of corporate resilience, these are backward-looking and reflect only a part of the impact of the current inflationary pressures and slowing growth.

In terms of sectors which look particularly vulnerable, those with high levels of energy consumption may see the biggest pressure on profitability, such as engineering and construction.

A potential wildcard is the weather. While the mild start to autumn may be a blessing in terms of energy prices it could also have a negative impact on an already troubled retail sector, given the impact on sales of higher value items like heavy jackets and coats.

As Bank of America observed in a recent research note the weather has a real impact on results. As a point of comparison, it noted: ‘The warm weather seen in the third quarter of 2018 brought a wave of profit warnings across the European apparel industry, and a steep increase in inventory.’

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4. EUROPE UNDER SEVERE PRESSURE

Energy remains in focus across European equity markets as reports emerge that the Kremlin will continue to squeeze gas shipments across the Continent to maintain its pressure on the EU over the Ukraine conflict.

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Radical times call for radical measures and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen has a swoop on energy companies’ profits in her sights and rationing measures to stem potential energy shortages. The EU has announced plans to cut gas consumption by 15% from August 2022 to March 2023.

Eurozone inflation accelerated to 9.1% in August, up from 8.9% in July, and topping market forecasts of 9%, preliminary estimates showed, with energy and food prices behind the rise.

‘In the last couple of weeks alone, our economists have raised their forecasts for European Central Bank rate hikes and cut their GDP numbers to signal a deeper upcoming recession,’ said Graham Secker, head of Morgan Stanley’s European equity strategy team.

Last week (12 Sep), the ECB obliged, hiking rates by 75 basis points and several more rate rises are anticipated in the coming months, even if they are unlikely to be as large. ‘This won’t be the only rate hike and… there are several others coming,’ confirmed ECB Governing Council member Edward Scicluna, governor of the Central Bank of Malta.

Naturally, this situation is heaping pressure on equity prices and after a brief rally in earlier in the summer, reality has reasserted itself over the past month with markets unable to escape a tricky macro backdrop characterised by central banks speeding up rate hikes into what is a deepening economic slowdown.

The Morningstar Europe NR index lost 5% in euro terms during August, but with a big difference across company styles, Morningstar said, with growth company shares suffering much more than value stocks. ‘The large growth segment of our European style box lost 6.2% in euros, while the large value segment managed to limit the loss to 0.7%.’

The August report found losses from the likes of ASML (ASML:AMS) impacted heavily in the growth style’s return, falling 12.5% in euro terms. In contrast, UK oil companies, for example, stood out among the value stocks. BP (BP.) and Shell (SHEL) gained 8.2% and 2.8% in euros respectively during August.

Data shows there has been a close relationship over the past 20 years between interest rates and equity valuations. When rates go up, price to earnings ratios on shares go down, so if we really are in the early stages of a rate rise cycle, look out for a further derating in shares.

‘This suggests a high probability that PE ratios have further to fall,’ said Morgan Stanley’s Secker. His team expect the European economy to slow over the next couple of quarters. This will increase the pressure on corporate profits, which have been reasonably resilient so far this year, thanks to strong commodity sector upgrades and a material boost from the weakness we’ve seen in the euro and sterling trade.

‘Our models are flagging large downside risks to consensus earnings estimates for the next 12 to 18 months and we are 16% below consensus by the end of 2023.’

This may seed the idea that defensive stocks over cyclicals are a better place for investors to hold their cash. It is quite possible that we will see a widening preference for sectors like healthcare, insurance, telecoms and utilities over automotive, capital goods, construction and retail.

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5. POTENTIAL MARKET IMPACT FROM UKRAINE CRISIS DE-ESCALATION

Ukraine’s counter-offensive against Russia has changed the dynamic of the war and led some investment experts to speculate what might happen if we see a de-escalation of the crisis.

Since early September, Ukraine has taken back swathes of land and continues to put more pressure on Russia. While that has raised spirits that Ukraine will not be defeated, it also increases the risk Russia will fight back, such as doubling down on efforts to destroy vital infrastructure including power and heating systems. Indeed, a major dam in Ukraine was last week hit by  missile strikes.

While still very early days, it is worth considering what might happen if the crisis became less severe and a ceasefire is declared. Investment bank Morgan Stanley says a de-escalation of the conflict would lead to a material rally in European equities – going some way to reversing the big losses seen this year, caused by the punishing impact of spiralling inflation and fears over recession.

In this situation, share prices would most likely be driven by stocks trading on higher earnings multiples, rather than material upgrades to earnings forecasts, says Morgan Stanley. It suggests trading Germany’s DAX in the event of a crisis de-escalation, with the stock index likely to be reappraised by investors given it has already been beaten up so much.

‘Germany has been the worst performing major country in Europe since the invasion started, posting its worst six-month relative underperformance in 20 years,’ says the bank. ‘From a top-down perspective, this underperformance seems justified given the domestic economy’s heightened sensitivity to Russian gas flows plus the equity market’s relatively high weighting to cyclicals.’

A lot of investors have placed bets that the DAX has further to fall, so good news on the Ukraine crisis could catch the market by surprise and a ‘short squeeze’ could amplify gains. Those betting the index will fall in value might be forced to buy the index to close out their positions if the DAX starts racing upwards, hence the term ‘squeeze’.

One way to get exposure to this index is via Lyxor DAX UCITS ETF (DAXX), an exchange-traded fund designed to mirror the performance of the DAX, priced in sterling. It has a 0.15% annual charge.

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It is vital to understand that sentiment currently remains negative towards European equities and no-one knows when or if the Ukraine crisis will end, so buying the Lyxor ETF now is not a guaranteed way to make money.

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6. CAN CHINA BOUNCE BACK?

President Xi Jinping’s zero-tolerance Covid policy and an overleveraged property sector are among the GDP downgrade drivers for China, where exports are providing less solace and the government is bringing tech companies under greater control.

Investment bank Nomura has trimmed its 2022 GDP forecast for the Middle Kingdom from 2.8% to 2.7%, while Ortec Finance says 62% of pension fund managers surveyed expect China to be in recession within 12 months.

Prospective investors must also weigh rising geopolitical tensions with Taiwan and the US, not helped by Nancy Pelosi’s flying visit to the island.

Invesco’s global market strategist Kristina Hooper points out China’s latest Covid wave has led to greater stringency, yet so far the impact to economic activity ‘seems much smaller than what we saw in the first half of the year as policymakers try to balance economic considerations along with virus control’.

While the risk of another downturn has risen, so have stimulus measures and Hooper anticipates more pro-growth policies could be announced as we get closer to the Party Congress in mid-October, ‘and we expect that could lead to a Chinese stock market rally’.

Her optimism is shared by Dale Nicholls, manager of Fidelity China Special Situations (FCSS), who believes we are ‘likely to see less negative news in terms of additional regulation’.

Nicholls says he is also seeing increased messaging from senior government officials who are recognising the slowdown in the economy and implementing policies that are more focused on growth. He adds: ‘It will be interesting to see the areas of the economy the Party will identify during the upcoming Congress. This is likely to translate into more fiscal and monetary easing, with additional focus on support to the property sector.’

The Fidelity money manager believes we are likely to see a continued divergence when it comes to monetary and fiscal policy in China relative to the rest of the world, particularly the US, which he reckons is likely to be positive for markets during this second half of the year.

Also arguing Chinese equities are poised for a rebound is Franklin Templeton’s Michael Lai, who sees investor sentiment and valuations at ‘unsustainable lows’ and is positive on the relative case for the Chinese equity market’s prospects moving into the latter part of 2022.

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